Context-Dependent Genetic Regulation

Cells process extra-cellular signals with multiple layers of complex biological networks. Due to the stochastic nature of the networks, the signals become significantly noisy within the cells and in addition, due to the nonlinear nature of the networks, the signals become distorted, shifted, and (de-)amplified. Such nonlinear signal processing can lead to non-trivial cellular phenotypes such as cell cycles, di↵erentiation, cell-to-cell communication, and homeostasis. These nonlinear phenotypes, when observed at the cell population levels, can be quite di↵erent from the single-cell level observation. As one of the underlying mechanisms behind this di↵erence, we report the interplay between nonlinearity and stochasticity in genetic regulation. Here we show that nonlinear genetic regulation, characterized at the cellular population level, can be a↵ected by cell-to-cell variability in the regulatory factor concentrations. The observed genetic regulation at the cell population is shown to be significantly dependent on the upstream DNA sequences of the regulator, in particular, 5’ untranslated region. This indicates that genetic regulation observed at the cell population level can be significantly dependent on its genetic context, and that its characterization needs a careful attention on noise propagation. One Sentence Summary Genetic regulation observed at the cell population level can be significantly a↵ected by cell-to-cell variability in the regulatory factor copy numbers, indicating that the observed regulation is dependent on 5’ UTR of the regulator coding gene. ⇤Corresponding author. Address: Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, William H. Foege Building, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, U.S.A., Email: [email protected] 1 . CC-BY 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/173906 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Aug. 9, 2017;